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Cinchona pubescens

Vahl (1790)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Gentianales Family: Rubiaceae Genus: Cinchona

quinine

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Trees usually 4–10 m tall.

Stems:

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Opposite. Blades broadly elliptic–ovate or sometimes suborbicular, 10–20 cm long, 7–10.5 cm wide. Apex rounded. Base broadly to narrowly cuneate. Upper surfaces puberulent along veins; lower surfaces puberulent, sometimes primarily along veins, or glabrate. Margins entire. Pinnately veined, lateral veins usually 9–11 pairs. Petioles 1.5–4.5 cm long. Stipules ovate, caducous.

Flowers: Flowers numerous in terminal panicles with opposite branches up to 20 cm long or slightly longer. Flowers insect-pollinated, bisexual (perfect), often heterostylous. Calyx 5-toothed, ca. 1 mm long, densely appressed pubescent, the teeth deltate. Corolla pink (or red outside Hawai'i), salverform, 5-lobed, the lobes valvate in bud, appressed pubescent, the tube 10–12 mm long, the lobes ca. 4–5 mm long, villous within, nectary disk usually present. Stamens 5, alternate with the corolla lobes, slightly exserted or included; filaments distinct, short or elongate, usually inserted on the corolla tube or throat; anthers linear, dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 2–celled; ovules numerous; style short or elongate, 2–lobed, terminal, slender; stigmas lobed or capitate, dry or occasionally wet.

Fruit: Fruit capsules lanceoloid to oblong; 1–2 cm long; 2-grooved; septicidally dehiscent from base to apex. Seeds nuberous; ca. 2 mm long; with a broad ciliate wing; with well-developed oily endosperm; or endosperm occasionally scanty or absent.

Ploidy: 2n = 34; 40–44

Habitat:

Elevation Range:

Historical Distribution

Synonyms (51)

Cinchona caloptera Miq. (1869)
Cinchona chomeliana Wedd. (1848)
Cinchona colorata C.J.Laubert ex B.D.Jacks. (1893)
Cinchona cordifolia Mutis (1793)
Cinchona cordifolia var. macrocarpa Wedd. ex Howard (1866)
Cinchona cordifolia var. microcarpa Howard (1866)
Cinchona cordifolia var. peruviana Howard (1866)
Cinchona cordifolia var. rotundifolia (Pav. ex Lamb.) Wedd. (1849)
Cinchona cordifolia var. vera Wedd. (1849)
Cinchona coronulata Miq. (1861)
Cinchona decurrentifolia Pav. (1862)
Cinchona elliptica Wedd. (1869)
Cinchona goudotiana Klotzsch ex Triana (1938)
Cinchona govana Miq. (1861)
Cinchona howardiana Kuntze (1878)
Cinchona lechleriana Schltdl. (1855)
Cinchona lutea Pav. (1859)
Cinchona morado Ruiz (1792)
Cinchona obovata Pav. ex Howard (1862)
Cinchona ovata Ruiz & Pav. (1799)
Cinchona ovata var. rufinervis (Wedd.) Wedd. (1849)
Cinchona ovata var. vulgaris Wedd. (1849)
Cinchona palescens Vell. (1799)
Cinchona pallescens Ruiz ex Vitman (1802)
Cinchona pallescens var. ovata (Ruiz & Pav.) Howard (1866)
Cinchona pelalba Pav. ex DC. (1829)
Cinchona pelletieriana Wedd. (1848)
Cinchona platyphylla Wedd. (1869)
Cinchona pubescens var. cordata DC. (1830)
Cinchona pubescens var. ovata (Ruiz & Pav.) DC. (1830)
Cinchona pubescens var. pelletieriana (Wedd.) Wedd. (1849)
Cinchona pubescens var. purpurea (Ruiz & Pav.) Wedd. (1849)
Cinchona purpurascens Wedd. (1848)
Cinchona purpurea Ruiz & Pav. (1799)
Cinchona rosulenta Howard ex Wedd. (1869)
Cinchona rotundifolia Pav. ex Lamb. (1821)
Cinchona rubicunda Tafalla ex Wedd. (1869)
Cinchona rufinervis Wedd. (1848)
Cinchona rugosa Pav. ex DC. (1830)
Cinchona subsessilis Miq. (1869)
Cinchona succirubra Pav. ex Klotzsch (1858)
Cinchona succirubra var. conglomerata Howard (1866)
Cinchona succirubra var. cuchicara Howard (1866)
Cinchona succirubra var. erythroderma Howard (1866)
Cinchona succirubra var. spruceana Howard (1866)
Cinchona succirubra var. vera Howard (1866)
Cinchona tucujensis H.Karst. (1859)
Quinquina obovata (Pav. ex Howard) Kuntze (1891)
Quinquina ovata (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze (1891)
Quinquina pubescens (Vahl) Kuntze (1891)
Quinquina succirubra (Pav. ex Klotzsch) Kuntze (1891)

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

O'ahu Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents

Wind
Forestry

Pollinators

Specimens

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Bibliography

Name Published In: Skr. Naturhist.-Selsk. 1: 19 (1790)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1120 (EM, H); Staples & Herbst 2005:485 (KEY), 486 (DESCR)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Scientific Name Authorship Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Cinchona pubescens Vahl on mt. tantalus on left side of hardroad running up to the tv towers about half-a-mile from top Growing with Tristania conferta, Cryptomeria japonica, Eugenia jambos, etc. in open woods. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN pearsall, g.a. collector number: 99 Oahu BISH 3/6/1957
2 Cinchona pubescens Vahl makawao district. koolau forest reserve, waiohiwi stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN perlman, s.p. oppenheimer, h. collector number: 22429 Oahu BISH 2/23/2011
3 Cinchona pubescens Vahl East Maui PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Rock, J.F.C. 8685 Maui BISH 11/1/1910
4 Cinchona pubescens Vahl ulupalakua, makawao in shaded windward crevices in large andesite rock mound; barren PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hosaka, e.y. collector number: 2660 Hawaii BISH 1/31/1943
5 Cinchona pubescens Vahl paeahu, kula, makawao Woods PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hosaka, e.y. collector number: 1747 Hawaii BISH 1/26/1937
6 Cinchona pubescens Vahl Mt Tantalus (Possibly) PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Pearsall, G.A. s.n. Oahu BISH 3/6/1957
7 Cinchona pubescens Vahl east maui under Metrosideros PRESERVED_SPECIMEN rock, j.f.c. collector number: 8685 Maui BISH 11/1/1910
8 Cinchona pubescens Vahl East Maui, Makawao Forest Reserve PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Starr, F. Martz, K. Collector Number: 971200-1 Maui BISH 12/1/1997
9 Cinchona pubescens Vahl s. kona, kaawaloa. near new road on ancient 'aa' plow with heavy virgin forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN bryan, l.w. collector number: s.n. Hawaii BISH 3/17/1952
10 Cinchona pubescens Vahl east maui, makawao PRESERVED_SPECIMEN fagerlund, g.o. st.john, h. collector number: 1004 Maui BISH 2/28/1945
11 Cinchona pubescens Vahl east maui, koolau forest reserve west of kailua gulch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hobdy, r.w. collector number: 2735 Kauai BISH 3/3/1987
12 Cinchona pubescens Vahl East Maui, Olinda area PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Maehler, K.L. s.n. Maui BISH 10/1/1950
13 Cinchona pubescens Vahl Makawao District. Koolau Forest Reserve, Waiohiwi stream Degraded Metrosideros forest now Eucalyptus spp. and Chinchona pubescens With Cyanea maritae, Melicope molokaiensis, Chinchona pubscens, Cestrum nocturnum PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Perlman, S. 22429 Maui BISH 2/23/2011
14 Cinchona pubescens Vahl island of maui, makawao district, makawao forest reserve east of (and above) kahakapao gulch, use waiohiwi rd. off piiholo rd from makawao town Highly disturbed mesic forest (plantation); ridgetop, partial shade PRESERVED_SPECIMEN g. j. ray 1073 NY 2/20/1999
15 Cinchona pubescens Vahl paeahu, kula, makawao. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN e. y. hosaka 1747 Kure Atoll US 1/26/1937
16 Cinchona pubescens Vahl Island of Maui, Makawao District, Makawao Forest Reserve east of (and above) Kahakapao Gulch, use waiohiwi Rd. off Piiholo Rd from Makawao Town Highly disturbed mesic forest (plantation); ridgetop, partial shade PRESERVED_SPECIMEN G. J. Ray 1073 NY 2/20/1999
17 Cinchona pubescens Vahl E. Maui, Makawao F. R., Kahakapao. Wet to mesic forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H100023 Maui PTBG 10/15/2000
18 Cinchona pubescens Vahl Mt. Tantalus, 0.5 mi from top. Open woods. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN G. A. Pearsall 99 Oahu PTBG 3/6/1957
19 Cinchona pubescens Vahl Koolau Forest Reserve, Waiohiwi stream Degraded Metrosideros forest now Eucalyptus spp.and Cinchona pubescens PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Steve Perlman 22429 Maui PTBG 2/23/2011
20 Cinchona pubescens Vahl Koolau Rorest Reserve, Waiohiwi stream. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Perlman, S. P.; Oppenheimer, H. L. 22429 Maui US 2/23/2011
21 Cinchona pubescens Vahl Paeahu, Kula, Makawao. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hosaka, E. Y. 1747 Maui US 1/26/1937
22 Cinchona pubescens Vahl ulupalakua, makawao. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN e. y. hosaka 2660 Maui US 1/31/1943
23 Cinchona pubescens Vahl Makawao PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fagerlund, G. O. 1004 Maui US 2/28/1945
24 Cinchona pubescens Vahl koolau rorest reserve, waiohiwi stream. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN s. p. perlman & h. l. oppenheimer 22429 Maui US 2/23/2011
25 Cinchona pubescens Vahl makawao PRESERVED_SPECIMEN g. fagerlund 1004 Maui US 2/28/1945
26 Cinchona pubescens Vahl mt. tantalus, 1/2 mi. from top, in open woods PRESERVED_SPECIMEN pearsall, g.a. collector number: 99 Oahu BISH 3/6/1957
27 Cinchona pubescens Vahl Ulupalakua, Makawao. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hosaka, E. Y. 2660 Maui US 1/31/1943
28 Cinchona pubescens Vahl East Maui, Makawao PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fagerlund, G.O. 1004 Maui BISH 2/28/1945
29 Cinchona pubescens Vahl mt tantalus (possibly) PRESERVED_SPECIMEN pearsall, g.a. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 3/6/1957
30 Cinchona pubescens Vahl S. Kona, Kaawaloa. Near new road on ancient 'aa' plow with heavy virgin forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Bryan, L.W. s.n. Hawaii BISH 3/17/1952
31 Cinchona pubescens Vahl Paeahu, Kula, Makawao PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hosaka, E.Y. 1747 Maui BISH 1/26/1937
32 Cinchona pubescens Vahl Mt. Tantalus, 1/2 mi from top, in open woods PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Pearsall, G.A. 99 Oahu BISH 3/6/1957
33 Cinchona pubescens Vahl S. Kona Dist. Kaawaloa AHU. Tr 60(112); W. slopes of Mauna Loa; 1.5km NW of Pawaina Wet Koa-'ohi'a forest with other native trees and a treefern, native shrub understory. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Jacobi, J.D. JDJ 1138 Hawaii BISH 8/4/1978
34 Cinchona pubescens Vahl On Mt. Tantalus on left side of hardroad running up to the TV towers about half-a-mile from top Growing with Tristania conferta, Cryptomeria japonica, Eugenia jambos, etc. in open woods. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Pearsall, G.A. 99 Oahu BISH 3/6/1957
35 Cinchona pubescens Vahl east maui, makawao forest reserve PRESERVED_SPECIMEN starr, f. martz, k. collector number: 971200-1 Maui BISH 12/1/1997
36 Cinchona pubescens Vahl Near Forest Reserve Boundary, Olinda PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 22148 Maui BISH 3/26/1952
37 Cinchona pubescens Vahl s. kona dist. kaawaloa ahu. tr 60(112); w. slopes of mauna loa; 1.5km nw of pawaina Wet Koa-'ohi'a forest with other native trees and a treefern, native shrub understory. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN jacobi, j.d. bertrand, t. collector number: jdj 1138 Hawaii BISH 8/4/1978
38 Cinchona pubescens Vahl east maui, olinda area PRESERVED_SPECIMEN maehler, k.l. collector number: s.n. Maui BISH 10/1/1950
39 Cinchona pubescens Vahl east maui PRESERVED_SPECIMEN rock, j.f.c. collector number: s.n. Maui BISH
40 Cinchona pubescens Vahl Ulupalakua, Makawao PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hosaka, E.Y. 2660 Maui BISH 1/31/1943
41 Cinchona pubescens Vahl East Maui PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Rock, J.F.C. s.n. Maui BISH
42 Cinchona pubescens Vahl East Maui, Makawao Forest Reserve, just E of treatment center Highly disturbed mesic forest (plantation); ridgetop, partial shade PRESERVED_SPECIMEN G. J. Ray 1073 Maui HAPI 2/20/1999
43 Cinchona pubescens Vahl East Maui, Makawao Forest Reserve PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Starr, F. 971200-1 Maui BISH 12/1/1997
44 Cinchona pubescens Vahl paeahu, kula, makawao PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hosaka, e.y. collector number: 1747 Maui BISH 1/26/1937
45 Cinchona pubescens Vahl near forest reserve boundary, olinda PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 22148 Maui BISH 3/26/1952
46 Cinchona pubescens Vahl East Maui, Koolau Forest Reserve west of Kailua gulch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hobdy, R.W. 2735 Maui BISH 3/3/1987
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